An Overview of Hydrogen essays

An Overview of Hydrogen essays Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table. It has only one electron and one energy level. Having only one proton and one electron causes it to be very light in weight. The British scientist Henry Cavendish is given credit with discovering hydrogen in 1766, but studies show that German-Swiss alchemist Paracelsus in the 16th had handled it first. It gets its name from the words hudÛr, meaning water, and gennan, meaning generate, thus giving it water generator. It was named this because of Cavendish's experiment where he combined oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas (at room temperature) and highly explosive. It if the least dense gas known to man. Only about 1.9 mg dissolves in a liter of water at 0Â ° C. Its classification is a non-metal. Hydrogen has a hexagonal crystal structure. The melting point of hydrogen is 14Â ° K and the boiling point is 20.28Â ° K. The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.00794 amu. Because it has only one electron, it will react very quickly and, in many cases, violently. To see for yourself combine hydrogen with fluorine. Hydrogen has three isotopes. The first is H-1, Protium, which is stable. Protium makes up 98% of naturally occurring hydrogen. The second is H-2, Deuterium, which is also stable. Deuterium makes up 1.99% of naturally occurring hydrogen. The third is H-3, Tritium, which is radioactive. Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. Tritium makes up about 0.001% of naturally occurring hydrogen. Hydrogen has numerous uses, the most common of those are balloons, metal refining, and production of electricity. Some of those uses are dangerous. The Hindenburg is a prime example of the unstable state of hydrogen. Another example of just how dangerous hydrogen is the thermonuclear bomb. Developed under the name of the Manhattan Project during WWII, the bomb proved both useful and devastating. They are estimated at being able to kill about 75,000 people instantl...

NORTH AND SOUTH BY ELIZABETH GASKELL essays

NORTH AND SOUTH BY ELIZABETH GASKELL essays Elizabeth Gaskell's North and south is one of the most influential novels of the industrial age with its clear depiction of social, economic and political conditions prevailing in that era. We are all well aware pf the fact that capitalism was the biggest problem in the industrial age and it was viewed as the sole enemy of mankind since it gave rise to numerous social and economic problems for the urban poor. Gaskell has captured all these problems skillfully in her novel thus focusing on the major problems of these times. However it is not just the social or economic conditions that make this novel a success, but also the depiction of the religion and religious controversies that set this work apart from other novels of 19th The author has tried to maintain an objective stance on the subject of religion but she has written clearly about doubts and various other problems that Christianity suffered during this troubled times. As man himself was undergoing severe social and economic problems, his religious beliefs also suffered a setback and author has transferred these doubts carefully yet clearly onto the pages of her novel. Many people believe that it is Nicolas Higgins who represents the center of religious controversy but that is not entirely true. We notice a religious motif running throughout the novel and various religious doubts and belief surface from time to time through different characters beginning from Margaret Hale's father. However it is true that it is in Higgins that religious controversy is most pronounced. It is important to study the many different references to religious doubt and controversy that occur in this novel to fully comprehend the problem that had surfaced in those days. While people suddenly began doubting religion is unclear from the novel, however it appears that the problems of the age had created doubts in the minds of some people who later decided ...

Probability Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Probability - Lab Report Example Both parents have pairs of chromosomes out of which one is transferred to an offspring at random. An offspring therefore, independently, and randomly, derives one of each pair of chromosomes from each of the parents. Probability therefore helps to understand chances and possibilities of genetic compositions of offspring based on their parents’ genetic compositions (Olofsson, p. 56). This paper seeks to investigate probabilities of outcomes of events in tossing two sided coins. The paper will explore and compare the experimental and theoretical probabilities from tossing the coins for conclusions over inheritance of genes. The experiment was conducted by repeatedly flipping a coin. With twenty events, observations were made for head, tail, and frequencies recorded. The experiment was repeated with two simultaneous tosses and pairs of observations recorded. Results, as reported from individual observations, differ from expected frequencies though they are evenly distributed across expected frequencies. The combined class observations however converge towards the expected frequencies. This means that the genetic probabilities that can be derived from outcomes of the coins converge to theoretical probabilities when a large number of events are considered. Probability therefore significantly explains inheritance of

3M Company Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

3M Company Analysis - Research Paper Example It is a multinational corporation headquartered in Minnesota, United States. It was founded by five businessmen in the year 1902. The company had an annual sale of $ 29.6 billion in the year 2012. It employs more than 84000 employees all throughout the world. The company produces more than 55000 products which include adhesives, laminates, abrasives, dental products, fire protection, medical products, electronic materials, car care products, electronic circuits, optical films etc. The company operates in 65 countries. Its products are available in approximately 196 countries through retailers and distributors. Many products are also available online and can be purchased directly by ordering on the company’s website. 3M’s Brand and its message to the customers Brand is the term, name, symbol, design or some other feature which helps in the identification of a company’s products or services. Branding is a strategy adopted by the companies for differentiating their products from the competitors through a distinctive symbol. The brand is the most valuable and useful asset of a company. 3M is a new appearance for the Best Global brands in the year 2010 mostly because of a series of vast acquisitions which have provided the company a new and innovative brand identity system (3M, â€Å"3M Makes Interbrand’s List of Best Global Brands 2013†). This new brand identity has helped the company in unifying its diversified business. It has boosted the brand awareness of the company. Defining as well as strengthening of the 3M brand lying within the fragmented market area and increasing portfolio of global acquisitions has been very challenging. The goal of the company from the perspective of strengthening its position and brand in the market lies in two steps (3M, â€Å"Reinvigorating the Brand, Driving Growth†). The first step is by making the company an industry leader and the second step is by communicating to the customers about t he company’s ability to become end to end security provider. The brand identity system of the company have been enhanced recently for delivering the brand essence in more appropriate manner and positioning the brand and its value propositions throughout the world (3M, â€Å"Brand Identity in Action†). This new brand identity strategy has helped the company in differentiating 3M from its competitors and communicating a consistent and strong message to the key audiences. Logo and slogan Logo and slogan are the key elements of the brand positioning strategy. An effective brand positioning strategy always includes a visual identity i.e. logo and a tagline or a positioning statement i.e. the slogan. 3M’s logo is unique and communicates an appealing identity to the targeted audiences. The 3M Red Logo of the company is vertically as well as horizontally centred and covers almost 1/3rd of the total width of the screen. The background of the logo is white for enabling ma ximum readability (â€Å"3M Logo Animation and Soundmark†). The company has launched an animated video of the company’s logo where a sound mark is also available so that it can be used in pertinent applications (for example- online spots, television spots, videos etc.). 3M’s slogan is a short and impressive catch phrase, motto or tagline which has helped in identifying its products in advertisements. The business slogan which is most associated with the company is ‘Innovation’. The mission statement of the company is to be committed in active contribution to a

FIELD TRIP REFLECTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FIELD TRIP REFLECTION - Essay Example Some people keep themselves busy by playing chess and entertaining visitors while others spare time to watch people and appreciate the beauty of the city (Grimm et al. 265). Denver city has in place public transportation, which has reduced the amount of traffic on the roads since people prefer this mode of transport as it is cheaper and reliable. The amount of carbon emissions into the atmosphere has reduced since few people use private vehicles reducing the amount of fuel consumed. The hotels and restaurants are highly maintained; hence, sanitation and public health standards are observed. The presence of the parks providing a good resting place for the town dwellers and provide a good opportunity for them to enjoy and appreciate their town (Grimm et al. 266). On the other hand, the city planners and managers failed to device and implement laws and policies governing operations of the city (Grimm et al. 267). For example, the number of homeless people is increasing each day where these people put up illegal camps within the city. The homeless and other idlers disrupt the peace of the town because they make it difficult for normal functioning of the town. These groups of people also pollute the environment since they drop litter around the place, the sleeping bags, and tents lower aesthetic beauty of the town. Public transportation should be maintained and many people encouraged to adopt it as it reduces traffic, reduces pollution and the amount of fuel consumed also reduces. The town planners and municipal council should urgently plan the town properly. Laws and rules should be strongly implemented to scrap out illegal camping within the middle of the town. Housing system should be strengthened so that the homeless can be safe and secure. In addition, resources should be distributed to areas outside the city so that migration to the city is reduced (Grimm et al. 268). Grimm

Convulsive Satus Epilepticus with Neurocutaneous Syndrome

Convulsive Satus Epilepticus with Neurocutaneous Syndrome Title: Management of case of convulsive status epilepticus with neurocutaneous syndrome Introduction Status epilepticus is life-threatening neurological disorder defined as 5minutes or more of continuous seizure without complete recovery of consciousness between seizures. It has two foms; Generalized convulsive SE Non-convulsive SE. Convulsive SE is more common in children. Commonly caused by fever, genetic predisposition, metabolic and electrolyte disturbance or head trauma, CNS infection. Neurofibromatosis is a common autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Classified into two types: (NF1) which is more common in children and (NF2) which manifest later in adulthood. It is neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by diagnostic skin lesion called cafà © au lait patches and neural manifestations which may not be obvious and only presented when complicated by seizures which is considered an emergency case and need immediate management. Methods We searched several internet databases as Pubmed, Cochrane, Medscape, Science Direct Trip databases , and the Journal of American Academy of Neurology. Meta analysis, clinical trials, systematic reviews and randomized control trials and other observational studies concerning Status epilepticus, its investigations and different anti-epileptic drugs. In addition neurofibromatosis and Tuberous sclerosis were reviewed,as well Aim to know how to diagnose, treat follow up this case to prevent further remission or complications Result We came across 280 research and case report describing status epilepticus and its management. Status epilepticus is an emergency situation that needs rapid management,but if refractory and continues more than 60-90 minutes after initiation of therapy mortalities increase. Status epilepticus associated with cafe au lait patches is characterstic to neurocutaneous syndrome most probably neurofibromatosis type1. Status epilepticus may be complicated by Acidosis, Respiratory distress, Fever which is mediated by extreme muscle activity rather than infection, initial release of catecholamines into circulation causing increase in blood pressure and heart rate causing cardiac arrhythmia, Catecholamine excess causing hyperglycemia[1]. Saving life by maintaining ABC, Introducing vascular access and giving lorazepam are the first line in management, If there is no response within 10 minutes give another dose of lorazepam, If there is no response within 10 minutes give phenytoin, If convulsions p ersist more than 20 minutes use general anesthesia and put the patient on mechanical ventilation. Buccal midazolam is as effective as rectal diazepam but we can use rectaldiazepamif preferred or if buccal midazolam is not available. No evidence supporting dexamethazone in status epilepticus treatment [2]. No evidence supporting the use of antibiotics in case of seizures caused by Nf1, the only indication to use antibiotics if meningitis is the cause of seizures[3]. Asking for history of anticonvulsant and drug levels assesment is important as there is significant variation in effect and response to anti-epileptic drugs as seizures may develop even with taking themas; in case of low dose of anti-epileptic drug, non-compliance to antiepileptic drugs. Adding new antiepileptic drugs to old ones to decrease seizures is required in some cases[4]. No enough evidence supporting blood transfusion in status epilepticus treatment. No evidence supporting direct effect of status epilepticus on p latelet count except in rare condition of lorazepam toxicity that leads to abnormally decreased platelet count. Mitochondrial encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episode presents in pediatric age group so pyruvate and lactate assessment is important to detect the cause and severity of status epilepticus[5]. Blood sugar Assessment is important as duration extent of glucose dysregulation could be predictor of pathological outcome of status epilepticus as seizures can be exacerbated in cases of hyper or hypoglycemia and become resistant to antiepileptics when blood glucose is not controlled[6]. Electrolyte assessment including (Na, ca and cl) is important as seizures result from loss of balance between intracellular and extracellular chloride concentration causing hyper-excitability and Neuronal death result from large increase in intracellular calcium[7]. Genetic testing involving exome sequencing may help in reaching accurate diagnosis and may reveal novel autosomal rece ssive genes associated with idiopathic epilepsy. No enough evidence supporting abdominal sonar[8]. Brain Imaging can detect the etiology of status epilepticus espicially MRI, It helps to identify and localize epileptic foci[9]. CSF analysis is important in detecting cause of status epilepticus as it may diagnose autoimmune disorder when there is high titre of CSF GABAA receptor antibodies or showing in vivo biomarkers for neuronal damage after epileptic seizure10]. Conclusion This child is suffering from Status epilepticus which is most probably caused by neurofibromatosis type1. For investigation, I recommend immediate assessment of blood sugar level, electrolytes disturbance, purvate and lactate levels and antiepileptic drug level (in case of history of intake). Later on after stabilization of condition, I recommend brain imaging, cerebral fluid analysis and genetic testing. He is prone to be complicated by acidosis, respiratory distress, fever, increase in blood pressure and heart rate,arrhythmia and hyperglycemia. Status epilepticus with NF1 is very serious due to its high mortality rate. Modulating the dose and the type of antiepileptics is a must according to the drug level and history of intake. Lorazepam intravenous is better than rectal diazepam in this situation. There is no evidence recommend dexamethasone, antibiotics, blood or platelets transfusion. reference Pollard H, Cantagrel S, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Moreau J, Ben Ari Y. Apoptosis associ ated DNA fragmentation in epileptic brain damage. Neuroreport 1994;5: 1053-5. [1] Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, Collins JF, Colling C, Rowan AJ, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:792. [2] JN Friedman; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee. Emergency management of the paediatric patient with generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2011;16(2):91-7 [3] Berg AT, Levy SR, Testa FM, D’Souza R. Remission of epilepsy after two drug failures in children: a prospective study. Ann Neurol [Internet]. 2009 May [cited 2014 Apr 20];65(5):510–9. Available from: http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/articlerender. fcgi?artid=2818062tool=pmcentrezrendertype=abstract Reference 7 Besli GE, Saltik S, Erguven M, Bulut O, Abul MH. Status epilepticus in children: causes, clinical features and short-term outcome. Pediatr Int [Internet]. 2010 Oct [cited 2014 Apr 20];52(5):749–53. Available from: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/20487369[4] Calabrese VP, Gruemer HD, James K, Hranowsky N, DeLorenzo RJ. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels and prognosis in status epilepticus. Pubmed 1991 Nov-Dec;32(6):816-21. [5] Riviello JJ, Ashwal S, Hirtz D, Glauser T, Ballaban-Gil K, Kelley K, et al. Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with status epilepticus (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology [Internet]. 2006 Nov 14 [cited 2014 Apr 17];67(9):1542–50. ? [6] Li X, Zhou J, Chen Z, Chen S, Zhu F, Zhou L. Long-term expressional changes of Na+ -K+ -Cl- co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+ -Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2) in CA1 region of hippocampus following lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (PISE). Brain Res. 2008 Jul 24;1221:141–6. /pubmed/18550034 [7] Ostendorf AP, Gutmann DH, Weisenberg JLZ. Epilepsy in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1. Epilepsia [In ternet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2014 Apr 20];54(10):1810–4. [8] Cendes F. Neuroimaging in investigation of patients with epilepsy. Continuum (MinneapMinn) [Internet]. 2013 Jun [cited 2014 Apr 21];19(3 Epilepsy):623–42. [9] Gurnett CA, Landt M, Wong M. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein after seizures in children. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2003 Nov [cited 2014 Apr 18];44(11):1455–8. [10]

Impact of Christianity On The Roman Culture :: essays research papers

Christianity came into the world approximately two thousand years ago. It was persecuted at first, but atually became the offical religion in 381 A.D. "It is the spiritual force that conquered the Roman Empire; one of the decisive elements in the growth of Western civiliztion (Bunson 9). Throughout history Christianity has played a major role in changing our society into what it is today. "Christianity won the professed allegiance of the overwhelming majority of the population of the Roman Empire and even the support of the Roman State (Latourette 65). Not only did Christianity thrive, but it also succeeded in changing the face of Roman culture. Consider the gladiatorial fights. "The huge Coliseum at Rome seated 50 thousand people and was the scene of many bloody gladiatorial combats and even mock naval battles" (Schoder 108). "Hundreds of thousands of slaves shed their blood in the arena in Rome year after year to satisfy the perverted lust of the Roman mob" (Kennedy 148). "Although many Romans descried these blook-letting contests, there persisted a streak of cruelty in Roman public amusements which can scarcely be comprehended, far less condoned, today (81). The message of Christianity helped changed this aspect of Roman life because it gave worth and significance every life (Kennedy 149). Jesus told the multitudes to "love your neighbor as yourself" (Luke 10:27) He also told the story of the good summaritan to illistrate that any person he came in contact with was his good neighbor (Luke 10:30-37). Christianities message contains the golden rule "do to others as you you have them do to you" (Luke 6-3)."The child of today is loved and adored. But it was not so in pre-Christian times. The Roman father’s power of his child was absolute. "He could expose it to death; he could scourge it, mutilate it, marry it, divorce it, see it as a slave, or kill it to satisfy his own blood lust." Quintillion, a roman writer, said that to kill a man was often held to be a crime, but to kill one’s own children was sometimes considered a beautiful action (Kennedy 149). The message of Christianity gave value to children. Jeasus said "who ever humbles himself like this child is greatest in my kingdom. If anyone causes these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to have a large millstone around his neck and be drowned in the Sea (Matt 18:4-6).